Much has been made of migrant workers' official exclusion from city services such as health and education due to the lack of an urban hukou, or residency permit. But as if this were not enough of a challenge for China's 211 million migrants to overcome, they also face illegal exploitation by unscrupulous companies who maximise profits at the expense of their workers. Rights groups have warned that in a flagrant breach of Chinese employment law, greedy bosses do not sign contracts with migrants, do not offer them medical insurance or compensation in the event of work-related accidents and frequently withhold their salaries.
Recently, the government of Ningbo, a city in Zhejiang province, announced a change in working hours for civil servants. The new work schedule will be from 9:00 to 12:00 in the morning and from 2:00 to 5:30 in the afternoon, giving them a six and a half hour working day.
That total is 30 minutes shorter than before the new rules. Officials say the move is aimed at easing rush hour traffic. The cut in working hours mimics other provinces such as Guangdong, Fujian, and Hebei.
A survey by information website, infzm.com carried out a poll asking people their opinion on the shorter work hours for these public servants. Seventy-six per cent of the respondents said shortening the working day shows the current workload of public servants is not enough, and so there should be staff reductions.
When you think of museums, words like ancient, priceless, rare or exquisite come to mind. But in the northeastern suburbs of Beijing, there's a museum which seems a world away from those concepts. And it details the often-ignored parallel history between a special group of migrant workers and the development of China.
These are various temporary residence permits from different cities through the years. They used to be like lucky charms for millions of migrant workers, because if you were unfortunate enough to come across the local police without it, you would likely be fined, arrested or sent home.
But this was never to happen again after Sun Zhigang, a college-educated migrant worker, was beaten to death in police custody after being detained for not carrying a permit in 2003.
China's financial hub, Shanghai, announced new measures to its "hukou" policy in June 2009. The Shanghai Municipal Government said it would improve the famously bureaucratic system to give more residents a chance at qualifying for permanent residency.
The hukou system has been in place in China since 1958, piding the population into urban and rural households. With better social security, welfare benefits and public services in the cities, permanent urban residency appeals to many.
Shanghai's latest reform of its hukou system is the fourth adjustment since 1978. Government officials said thousands of people will benefit from the new reforms.